There a loads of slightly different ways. Most of them involve measuring how much of two elements are in a particular mineral, one of which is radioactive and decays into the other. We can then use the ratio of one to the other and put it into an equation to find the date.
This does however have the condition that the mineral must be closed off so none of the decay product escapes. If it does then we get the wrong date, however it is possible to tell if this has happened so we can try to correct for it.
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